====== Computer Science ======
Computer science is the study of algorithm

===== Basics of Computers =====
==== Computer Organization ====

=== Components ===


Modern computers are built using Von Neumann machine architecture.

Von Neumann machine have 3 aspects:
  - Architecture: I/O + Memory + CPU (CU: Control Unit + ALU: Arithmetic & Logic Unit)
    - Those components are connected to the BUS
  - Stored Programs: All programs and data are in stored as binary information in the memory
  - Sequential Execution: The CPU will do 1 thing at a time. In 1 cycle the CPU will do one and one thing only.
    - This is also known as Fetch Decode Execute
      - Memory (is binary information) → fetched → CU → Decoded → ALU → Execute (the task). 
      - Decode and Execute are done by the same computer chip: the CPU


=== Memory ===
Computer memory is organized as a hierarchy. At the bottom, there is the hard drive. At the top level there is the CPU.

Because hard drives are slow, when a software is loaded, the software gets loaded in the Random Access Memory (RAM).

The RAM is still not fast enough for the CPU, so the instructions are actually executed in the Cache memory.
HD: Probably TB in size
RAM: Probably GB in size
Cache: Probably KB in size

The memory is organized as an array or a table.
Each row is 1 byte. 1 byte is 1 bit.
1 byte = 1 word

^ Address ^ 1 byte = 8 bits ^^^^^^^^
| 0 (0000 0000)  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  |
| 1 (0000 0001)  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  |
| 2 (0000 0002)  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  | 1 bit  |
| 1111 1111      | ...    | ...    | ...    | ...    | ...    | ...    | ...    | ...    |